Mutu 1: Tanthauzo ndi Malingaliro Apakati—Kodi Chikopa cha PU Chotengera Madzi ndi Chiyani?
Chikopa cha PU chopangidwa ndi madzi, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chikopa chopangidwa ndi madzi cha polyurethane, ndi chikopa chopanga chapamwamba kwambiri chopangidwa ndi zokutira kapena kuyika pansalu yoyambira ndi utomoni wa polyurethane pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati sing'anga yobalalitsira (diluent). Kuti timvetsetse mtengo wake, choyamba tiyenera kugawa mawuwa:
Polyurethane (PU): Iyi ndi polima yokhala ndi mamolekyu apamwamba kwambiri yokhala ndi kukana kwa ma abrasion, kusinthasintha, kulimba kwambiri, komanso kukana kukalamba. Ndiwo maziko a zikopa zopangira, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amadziwikiratu momwe chikopacho chimapangidwira, kamvekedwe, ndi kulimba kwake.
Zotengera madzi: Uku ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku miyambo yakale. Zimatanthawuza kuti utomoni wa polyurethane susungunuka mu zosungunulira za organic (monga DMF, toluene, kapena butanone), koma m'malo mwake zimamwazikana m'madzi ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndikupanga emulsion.
Chifukwa chake, chikopa cha PU chochokera m'madzi ndichochikopa chopanga zachilengedwe chomwe chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa polyurethane pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati zosungunulira. Kutuluka kwake ndi chitukuko chikuyimira chitukuko chachikulu chaukadaulo kwamakampani achikopa potengera momwe dziko lapansi limakhudzira chitetezo komanso thanzi ndi chitetezo.
Mutu 2: Mbiri - Chifukwa Chiyani Chikopa cha PU Chotengera Madzi?
Kutuluka kwa chikopa cha PU chochokera m'madzi sikunangochitika mwangozi; idapangidwa kuti ithetse mavuto akulu omwe amaperekedwa ndi zikopa zachikhalidwe za PU.
1. Kuipa kwa Traditional Solvent-based PU Chikopa:
Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu kwa Zachilengedwe: Panthawi yopanga, zinthu zambiri zosasinthika (VOCs) zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga. Ma VOC ndi otsogola ofunikira ku utsi wojambula zithunzi ndi PM2.5, kuyika chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.
Ngozi Zaumoyo ndi Chitetezo: Zosungunulira za organic nthawi zambiri zimakhala zapoizoni, zimatha kuyaka, komanso zimaphulika. Kuwonetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale kumabweretsa chiwopsezo chakupha, ndipo zotsalira zazing'ono zosungunulira zimatha kukhalabe zomwe zamalizidwa pakuyamba kwake, zomwe zingawononge thanzi la ogula.
Kuwonongeka Kwazinthu: Njira zosungunulira zimafunikira zida zosinthira zovuta kuti zibwezeretsenso ndikusintha zosungunulira za organic izi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kulephera kukwaniritsa 100% kuchira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke.
2. Madalaivala a Policy ndi Market:
Kulimbitsa Malamulo a Zachilengedwe Padziko Lonse: Maiko padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka China, EU, ndi North America, akhazikitsa malire okhwima a VOC komanso malamulo amisonkho yachilengedwe, kukakamiza kukweza mafakitale.
Chidziwitso cha ogula pa chilengedwe chikukwera: Ogulitsa ochulukirachulukira komanso ogula akuganiza za "chitetezo cha chilengedwe," "kukhazikika," ndi "zobiriwira" monga zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugula kwawo, zomwe zikupangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa zinthu zoyera.
Udindo wa Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ndi Chifaniziro cha Brand: Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe kwakhala njira yabwino kwamakampani kuti akwaniritse maudindo awo ndikukweza mbiri yawo.
Motsogozedwa ndi izi, ukadaulo wa PU wotengera madzi, monga njira ina yabwino kwambiri, umapereka mwayi wachitukuko.
Mutu 3: Njira Yopangira - Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Zikopa Zotengera Madzi ndi Zosungunulira
Njira yopangira zikopa za PU zokhala ndi madzi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zosungunulira zosungunulira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukonzekera kwa nsalu zoyambira, zokutira za polyurethane, kuchiritsa, kutsuka, kuyanika, ndi kuchiritsa pamwamba (embossing, kusindikiza, ndi kupaka). Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli mu "kuphimba" ndi "kuchiritsa".
1. Njira Yosungunulira (DMF System):
Kupaka: The PU resin imasungunuka mu zosungunulira za organic monga DMF (dimethylformamide) kuti apange yankho la viscous, lomwe limayikidwa pansalu yoyambira.
Coagulation: Chovala chophimbidwa chomaliza chimamizidwa mu bafa yotengera madzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito kusokonekera kosatha kwa DMF ndi madzi, DMF imasiyanitsidwa mwachangu ndi yankho la PU m'madzi, pomwe madzi amalowa munjira ya PU. Izi zimapangitsa kuti PU iwonongeke kuchokera ku yankho, ndikupanga microporous cortical layer. Madzi otayira a DMF amafunikira zida zotsika mtengo zopukutira ndi kuchira.
2. Njira Yopangira Madzi:
Kupaka: PU emulsion yamadzi (tinthu tating'ono ta PU tomwazika m'madzi) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pansalu yapansi kudzera munjira monga zokutira mpeni kapena kuviika.
Coagulation: Iyi ndi njira yovuta mwaukadaulo. Ma emulsions opangidwa ndi madzi alibe zosungunulira monga DMF, kotero kuti coagulation sangangochitika ndi madzi. Masiku ano, pali njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu coagulation:
Thermal coagulation: Kutentha ndi kuyanika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'ono ta PU tisungunuke ndikupanga filimu. Njirayi imapanga filimu wandiweyani yokhala ndi mpweya wosakwanira.
Coagulation (chemical coagulation): Ichi ndiye chinsinsi chopangira zikopa zokhala ndi madzi opumira. Pambuyo pakupaka, zinthuzo zimadutsa mumsamba wokhala ndi coagulant (nthawi zambiri njira yamadzi yamchere kapena organic acid). The coagulant destabilizes ndi amadzimadzi emulsion, kukakamiza PU particles kusweka, akaphatikiza, ndi kukhazikika, chifukwa mu dongosolo microporous ofanana ndi zosungunulira ofotokoza zipangizo. Izi zimapereka mpweya wabwino ndi chinyezi permeability.
Njira yopangira madzi imachotseratu zosungunulira za organic, ndikuchotsa mpweya wa VOC pagwero. Izi zimapangitsa kuti malo onse opangira zinthu azikhala otetezeka komanso amachotsa kufunikira kwa njira zovuta zosungunulira zosungunulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yosavuta komanso yosamalira zachilengedwe.
Mutu 4: Kachitidwe Kachitidwe - Ubwino ndi Kuyipa Kwa Chikopa cha PU Chotengera Madzi
(I) Ubwino Wachikulu:
Chitetezo Chachikulu Chachilengedwe:
Near-Zero VOC Emissions: Palibe zosungunulira zapoizoni kapena zoopsa zomwe zimatulutsidwa panthawi yopanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito yosamalira zachilengedwe.
Zopanda Poizoni Komanso Zopanda Vuto: Chomalizacho chilibe zosungunulira zotsalira, sizimakwiyitsa khungu la munthu, ndi zotetezeka komanso zopanda poizoni. Imagwirizana ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri a chilengedwe (monga EU REACH ndi OEKO-TEX Standard 100), ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwa mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira miyezo yapamwamba yathanzi, monga makanda ndi makanda, zamkati zamagalimoto, ndi zida zapanyumba.
Njira yopangira chitetezo: Imachotsa zoopsa za moto, kuphulika, ndi kupha antchito.
Kuchita Kwabwino Kwambiri:
Kumverera Kwabwino Kwambiri Pamanja: Chikopa chopangidwa ndi utomoni wa PU wokhala ndi madzi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofewa, chodzaza, choyandikira chikopa chenicheni.
Mpweya Wopumira ndi Wonyowa-Wotha (kwa Coagulation): Mapangidwe a microporous omwe amapangidwa amalola mpweya ndi chinyezi kudutsa, kupanga nsapato, matumba, sofa, ndi zinthu zina zowumitsira komanso zomasuka kugwiritsa ntchito, kuthana ndi zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikopa chochita kupanga.
High Hydrolysis Resistance: Kufooka kumodzi kwachilengedwe kwa polyurethane ndiko kutha kwake ku hydrolysis ndi kuwonongeka m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri. Makina a PU opangidwa ndi madzi nthawi zambiri amapereka mphamvu zowongolera mamolekyu awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukana kwamphamvu kwa hydrolysis poyerekeza ndi chikopa cha PU chofanana ndi zosungunulira, zomwe zimapangitsa moyo wautali wautumiki.
Kumamatira Kwamphamvu: Ma resin opangidwa ndi madzi amawonetsa kunyowa kwabwino komanso kumamatira kumagulu osiyanasiyana (nsalu zosalukidwa, zowomba, ndi za microfiber).
Ubwino wa Ndondomeko ndi Msika:
Gwirizanani mosavuta ndi malamulo apanyumba komanso apadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kutumiza kunja kulibe nkhawa.
Ndi chizindikiro cha "Green Product", ndikosavuta kupeza zogula pamndandanda wamalonda apamwamba komanso ogula.
Mutu 5: Malo Ogwiritsira Ntchito - Kusankha Kwachilengedwe Kosavuta Kwambiri
Pogwiritsa ntchito maubwino ake awiri okhudzana ndi chilengedwe komanso magwiridwe antchito, zikopa za PU zochokera m'madzi zikulowa mwachangu m'magawo osiyanasiyana:
Zovala ndi Nsapato: Zokwera nsapato zamasewera, nsapato wamba, nsapato zamafashoni, zovala zachikopa, zokongoletsa za jekete pansi, zikwama zam'mbuyo, ndi zina zambiri ndizogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kupuma ndi chitonthozo ndizofunikira.
Mipando ndi Zipatso Zapakhomo: Sofa apamwamba kwambiri, mipando yodyeramo, zofunda za m’mbali mwa bedi, ndi ziŵiya zofewa zamkati. Ntchitozi zimafuna kuchuluka kwambiri kwa hydrolysis kukana, kukana abrasion, komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Zamkati Zamagalimoto: Mipando yamagalimoto, zopumira mikono, mapanelo a zitseko, zovundikira mawilo, ndi zina zambiri. Uwu ndiye msika wofunikira wachikopa cha PU chamadzi chapamwamba kwambiri, chomwe chimayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yolimba yokana kukalamba, kukana kuwala, ma VOC otsika, komanso kuchedwa kwamoto.
Zamagetsi: Makapu a laputopu, zotengera zomvera m'mutu, zomangira za smartwatch, ndi zina zambiri, zopatsa kufatsa, zokometsera khungu, komanso zokongola.
Katundu ndi Zikwama Zam'manja: Zovala za zikwama zam'manja zamafashoni, zikwama, ndi katundu, kuphatikiza kukongola, kulimba, ndi kapangidwe kopepuka.
Katundu Wamasewera: Mpira, basketball, magolovesi, ndi zina zambiri.
Mutu 6: Kuyerekeza ndi Zinthu Zina
vs. Solvent-Based PU Leather: Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, chikopa chopangidwa ndi madzi chimakhala chapamwamba kwambiri pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, thanzi labwino, ndi manja, koma zimakhalabe ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama ndi ntchito zina zoopsa. Chikopa chochokera m'madzi ndiye njira yowonekera bwino yaukadaulo.
vs. Chikopa Chenicheni: Chikopa chenicheni ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso mpweya wabwino kwambiri, koma ndizokwera mtengo, zimakhala ndi khalidwe losagwirizana, ndipo kupanga (kufufuta) kumaipitsa. Chikopa cha PU chopangidwa ndi madzi chimapereka mawonekedwe osasinthika komanso magwiridwe antchito pamtengo wotsika, osavulaza nyama, ndipo chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito moyenera.
vs. PVC Artificial Leather: Chikopa cha PVC chimapereka mtengo wotsika kwambiri, koma chimakhala chovuta, kupuma movutikira, sichimazizira, ndipo chingayambitse mavuto a chilengedwe chifukwa chowonjezera mapulasitiki. Chikopa cha PU chochokera m'madzi chimaposa PVC potengera magwiridwe antchito komanso kusunga chilengedwe.
vs. Microfiber Leather: Chikopa cha Microfiber ndi chikopa chapamwamba kwambiri chomwe chimagwira ntchito pafupi kwambiri ndi chikopa chenicheni. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nsalu ya microfiber yosalukidwa ngati chothandizira chake, ndipo zokutirazo zitha kupangidwa ndi zosungunulira kapena PU zamadzi. Kuphatikiza kwa PU yokhala ndi madzi apamwamba kwambiri ndi nsalu ya microfiber kumayimira pachimake chaukadaulo wamakono wachikopa chopanga.
Mutu 6: Zochitika Zachitukuko Zamtsogolo
Tekinoloje Iteration ndi Magwiridwe Antchito: Popanga utomoni watsopano wamadzi (monga silicone-modified PU ndi acrylic-modified PU) ndi kukhathamiritsa ukadaulo wamachiritso, mawonekedwe athupi ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho (kuchepetsa moto, antibacterial properties, kudzichiritsa, ndi zina zotero) zidzakulitsidwanso.
Kukhathamiritsa Kwamtengo ndi Scalability: Ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwaukadaulo komanso kukulitsa mphamvu zopanga, chuma chambiri chidzachepetsa pang'onopang'ono mtengo wonse wachikopa cha PU chotengera madzi, ndikupangitsa kuti chikhale chopikisana pamsika.
Kuphatikizika kwa Industry Chain and Standardization: Kuchokera pakupanga utomoni mpaka kupanga zikopa mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu, gulu lonse lamakampani lipanga mgwirizano wapamtima ndikulimbikitsa limodzi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kuwongolera miyezo yamakampani.
Chuma Chozungulira ndi Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zamoyo: Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo ndi chitukuko sichidzangoyang'ana pakupanga, komanso kubwezeretsedwanso ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu pambuyo pa kutha kwa moyo. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa bio-based zaiwisi (monga chimanga ndi mafuta a castor) kukonzekera madzi opangidwa ndi PU resins adzakhala malire otsatirawa.
Mapeto
Chikopa cha PU chozikidwa pamadzi sichimangosintha zinthu; imayimira njira yayikulu yopangira zikopa zachikopa kuti zisinthe kuchoka pamwambo, zoipitsa kwambiri, komanso zopatsa mphamvu zambiri mpaka zobiriwira, zokhazikika. Imakwaniritsa bwino ntchito yake, mtengo wake, ndi kusamala zachilengedwe, kukhutiritsa ogula zinthu zachikopa zapamwamba komanso kukwaniritsa udindo wamakampani poteteza chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti pakali pano akukumana ndi zovuta zina zamtengo wapatali ndi luso, ubwino wake waukulu wa chilengedwe ndi kuthekera kwake kuzigwiritsa ntchito zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosasinthika. Ukadaulo ukakhwima komanso kuzindikira kwa msika kukukulirakulira, chikopa cha PU chokhazikika m'madzi chatsala pang'ono kukhala msika wamtsogolo wamsika wochita kupanga, ndikupanga dziko loyera, lotetezeka, komanso lapamwamba kwambiri "zachikopa".
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-10-2025
