Mavuto omaliza a nsapato zapamwamba zachikopa nthawi zambiri amagwera m'magulu otsatirawa.
1. Vuto losungunulira
Popanga nsapato, zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala toluene ndi acetone. Chophimbacho chikakumana ndi zosungunulira, pang'ono zimatupa ndikufewa, kenako zimasungunuka ndikugwa. Izi kawirikawiri zimachitika kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Yankho:
(1) Sankhani cholumikizira cholumikizira kapena epoxy resin-modified polyurethane kapena acrylic resin ngati chopangira filimu. Mtundu uwu wa utomoni uli ndi kukana kwabwino kwa zosungunulira.
(2) Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala odzaza owuma kuti muwonjezere kukana kwa zosungunulira za wosanjikiza.
(3) Moyenera kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa zomatira mapuloteni mu ❖ kuyanika madzi kumapangitsanso kukana zosungunulira kwambiri.
(4) Utsi wolumikizira wolumikizira kuti uchiritse ndi kuwoloka.
2. Mkangano wonyowa ndi kukana madzi
Kukangana konyowa ndi kukana madzi ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri za chikopa chapamwamba. Mukavala nsapato zachikopa, nthawi zambiri mumakumana ndi malo amadzi, choncho nthawi zambiri mumakumana ndi zovuta zowonongeka ndi madzi. Zifukwa zazikulu za kusowa kwa kukangana konyowa ndi kukana madzi ndi:
(1) Chophimba pamwamba pake chimakhudzidwa ndi madzi. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikugwiritsa ntchito zokutira pamwamba kapena kupopera mankhwala osalowa madzi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zokutira pamwamba, ngati casein imagwiritsidwa ntchito, formaldehyde ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza; kuwonjezera kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka silicon kumadzi opaka pamwamba kungathenso kukulitsa kukana kwake kwamadzi.
(2) Zinthu zomwe sizimamva madzi kwambiri, monga ma surfactants ndi ma resins osakanizidwa ndi madzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumadzimadzi opaka. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikupewa kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants ochulukirapo ndikusankha ma resin omwe amatha kukana madzi bwino.
(3) Kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwa mbale yosindikizira ndizokwera kwambiri, ndipo chopangira chapakati sichimangirizidwa kwathunthu. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikupewa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri sera ndi mankhwala okhala ndi silicon panthawi yapakati ndikuchepetsa kutentha ndi kukakamiza kwa mbale yosindikizira.
(4) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto ndi utoto. Mitundu yosankhidwayo iyenera kukhala yabwino kupitirira; munjira yakucha, pewani kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wambiri.
3. Mavuto ndi mikangano youma ndi abrasion
Popukuta pamwamba pa chikopa ndi nsalu youma, mtundu wa chikopacho udzachotsedwa, kusonyeza kuti kukana kowuma kwa chikopa ichi sikwabwino. Poyenda, mathalauza nthawi zambiri amapaka zidendene za nsapato, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti filimu yophimba pamwamba pa nsapato ichotsedwe, ndipo mitundu ya kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo imakhala yosagwirizana. Pali zifukwa zingapo za chodabwitsa ichi:
(1) Chophimbacho ndi chofewa kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chotchinga cholimba komanso cholimba kwambiri popaka kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba.
(2) Pigment sichimatsatiridwa kwathunthu kapena kumamatira kumakhala kosauka kwambiri, chifukwa gawo la pigment mu zokutira ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa utomoni ndikugwiritsa ntchito cholowera.
(3) Ma pores pachikopa amakhala otseguka kwambiri ndipo alibe kukana kuvala. Yankho lake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala odzaza owuma kuti muwonjezere kukana kwa chikopa ndikulimbitsa kukhazikika kwamadzimadzi opaka.
4. Chikopa chosweka vuto
M'madera omwe ali ndi nyengo youma ndi yozizira, nthawi zambiri kusweka kwa zikopa kumakumana. Ikhoza kusinthidwa kwambiri ndi ukadaulo wokowetsanso (kukowetsanso chikopa musanatambasule chomaliza). Pano pali zida zapadera zoweta.
Zifukwa zazikulu zosweka zikopa ndi:
(1) Chikopa cham’mwambacho n’chophwanyika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake ndi kusalowerera ndale kosayenera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malowedwe osagwirizana a retanning wothandizira komanso kumangirira kwambiri kwambewu wosanjikiza. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikukonzanso njira yopangira madzi.
(2) Chikopa cham’mwambacho ndi chotayirira komanso chotsika. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuumitsa kudzaza chikopa chotayirira ndikuwonjezera mafuta ku utomoni wodzaza kuti chikopa chodzaza chisakhale chovuta kwambiri kuti chiteteze kumtunda kuti zisawonongeke panthawi yovala. Chikopa chodzaza kwambiri sichiyenera kusiyidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo sichiyenera kukhala ndi mchenga wambiri.
(3) Chophimba chapansi ndi cholimba kwambiri. Utoto wopaka pansi umasankhidwa molakwika kapena kuchuluka kwake sikukwanira. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa utomoni wofewa muzitsulo zoyambira.
5. Vuto la mng'alu
Chikopa chikapindika kapena kutambasulidwa mwamphamvu, nthawi zina mtunduwo umakhala wopepuka, womwe umatchedwa astigmatism. Zikavuta kwambiri, nsanjika yophimba imatha kusweka, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa crack. Ili ndi vuto wamba.
Zifukwa zazikulu ndi izi:
(1) Kuthamanga kwa chikopa ndi kwakukulu kwambiri (kutalika kwa chikopa chapamwamba sikungakhale kwakukulu kuposa 30%), pamene kutalika kwa zokutira kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikusintha ndondomeko kuti kutalika kwa zokutira zikhale pafupi ndi zikopa.
(2) Chophimba chapansi ndi cholimba kwambiri ndipo pamwamba pake ndizovuta kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa utomoni wofewa, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa filimu yopangira mafilimu, ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa utomoni wolimba ndi phala la pigment.
(3) Chophimbacho chimakhala chochepa kwambiri, ndipo chapamwamba cha varnish yamafuta chimapopera kwambiri, chomwe chimawononga nsanjika. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la kunyowetsa kukana kwa zokutira, mafakitale ena amapopera varnish yamafuta kwambiri. Pambuyo pothetsa vuto la kukaniza konyowa, vuto la kusweka limayamba. Choncho, tcheru chiyenera kuperekedwa pokonza bwino.
6. Vuto la kukhetsa matope
Pogwiritsa ntchito chikopa chapamwamba cha nsapato, chiyenera kukumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe. Ngati chophimbacho sichimatsatiridwa mwamphamvu, zokutirazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotayirira. Pazovuta kwambiri, delamination imachitika, yomwe iyenera kupatsidwa chidwi kwambiri. Zifukwa zazikulu ndi izi:
(1) Mu zokutira pansi, utomoni wosankhidwa uli ndi zomatira zofooka. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa utomoni womatira mu chilinganizo chapansi. The adhesion wa utomoni zimadalira ake mankhwala katundu ndi kukula kwa omwazika particles wa emulsion. Pamene mankhwala dongosolo la utomoni anatsimikiza, ndi adhesion ndi wamphamvu pamene emulsion particles ali bwino.
(2) Zosakwanira zokutira kuchuluka. Pa ntchito yophimba, ngati kuchuluka kwa zokutira sikukwanira, utomoni sungathe kulowa pamwamba pa chikopa panthawi yochepa ndipo sungathe kukhudzana ndi chikopa, kufulumira kwa chovalacho kudzachepetsedwa kwambiri. Panthawiyi, ntchitoyo iyenera kusinthidwa moyenera kuti iwonetsetse kuchuluka kwa zokutira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira burashi m'malo mwa zokutira zopopera kumatha kukulitsa nthawi yolowera utomoni ndi malo omatira a wopangira zokutira pachikopa.
(3) Chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha chikopa akusowekapo pa adhesion fastness wa zokutira. Pamene mayamwidwe amadzi a chikopa chopanda kanthu ndi osauka kwambiri kapena pali mafuta ndi fumbi pamwamba pa chikopa, utomoni sungathe kulowa pamwamba pa chikopa ngati kuli kofunikira, kotero kuti kumamatira sikukwanira. Panthawiyi, khungu lachikopa liyenera kusamalidwa bwino kuti liwonjezere kuyamwa kwa madzi, monga kuchita ntchito yoyeretsa pamwamba, kapena kuwonjezera chowongolera kapena cholowera ku formula.
(4) Muzovala zokutira, chiŵerengero cha utomoni, zowonjezera ndi ma pigment ndi osayenera. Yankho lake ndikusintha mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa utomoni ndi zowonjezera ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa sera ndi zodzaza.
7. Nkhani za kutentha ndi kupanikizika
Chikopa chapamwamba chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato ndi jekeseni chiyenera kukhala chopanda kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Nthawi zambiri, mafakitale a nsapato amagwiritsa ntchito kusita kotentha kwambiri kuti achotse makwinya pachikopa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utoto wina kapena zokutira zokhala ndi zokutira zikhale zakuda kapena zomata ndikugwa.
Zifukwa zazikulu ndi izi:
(1) Thermoplasticity yamadzi omaliza ndiwokwera kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikusintha chilinganizo ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa casein.
(2) Kusowa mafuta. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuthira sera yolimba pang'ono ndi phula losalala kuti zithandizire kukonza chikopa.
(3) Utoto ndi zokutira zakuthupi zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kusankha zipangizo zomwe sizimamva kutentha komanso sizizimiririka.
8. Vuto lokana kuwala
Pambuyo powonekera kwa nthawi, pamwamba pa chikopacho chimakhala chakuda komanso chachikasu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zifukwa zake ndi:
(1) Kuwonongeka kwa thupi lachikopa kumayamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mafuta, ma tannins a zomera kapena ma tannins opangira. Kukana kuwala kwa chikopa chowala ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri, ndipo mafuta ndi ma tannins okhala ndi kuwala kwabwino ayenera kusankhidwa.
(2) Kupaka utoto. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yakuti kwa zikopa zapamwamba zomwe zili ndi zofunikira zowonongeka, musagwiritse ntchito butadiene resin, mafuta onunkhira a polyurethane resin ndi nitrocellulose varnish, koma gwiritsani ntchito utomoni, utoto, utoto wamadzi ndi varnish ndi kukana bwino kwa kuwala.
9. Vuto la Cold resistance (weather resistance).
Kusazizira kozizira kumawonekera makamaka pakusweka kwa zokutira pamene chikopa chikukumana ndi kutentha kochepa. Zifukwa zazikulu ndi izi:
(1) Kukatentha kwambiri, zokutira sizikhala zofewa. Ma resins okhala ndi kuzizira bwino monga polyurethane ndi butadiene ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangira filimu zokhala ndi kuzizira kozizira monga acrylic resin ndi casein ziyenera kuchepetsedwa.
(2) Gawo la utomoni mu njira yokutira ndilotsika kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa utomoni.
(3) Kuzizira kozizira kwa vanishi wapamwamba kumakhala kosauka. Varnish yapadera kapena ,-varnish ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kuzizira kwa chikopa, pomwe nitrocellulose varnish imakhala ndi kuzizira kozizira.
Ndizovuta kwambiri kupanga zizindikiro za thupi lachikopa chapamwamba, ndipo sizowona kuti zimafuna mafakitale a nsapato kugula kwathunthu malinga ndi zizindikiro za thupi ndi mankhwala zomwe zimapangidwa ndi boma kapena mabizinesi. Mafakitole a nsapato nthawi zambiri amayendera zikopa motsatira njira zosavomerezeka, kotero kupanga zikopa zapamwamba sikungatheke. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino zofunikira pakupanga nsapato ndi kuvala njira kuti mukwaniritse kuwongolera kwasayansi pakukonza.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-11-2024