Chikopa ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zakale kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu. Kale kwambiri, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ubweya wa nyama kukongoletsa ndi kuteteza. Komabe, luso loyamba lopanga zikopa linali losavuta, kungoviika ubweya wa nyama m'madzi ndikuukonza. Ndi kusintha kwa nthawi, ukadaulo wopanga zikopa za anthu wasintha pang'onopang'ono ndikuwongolera. Kuyambira pa njira yoyambira yopangira zinthu zakale kupita kumakampani amakono, zida zachikopa zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wamunthu.
Kupanga zikopa koyambirira
Kupanga koyambirira kwa zikopa kumatha kuyambika nthawi yakale ya ku Egypt cha m'ma 4000 BC. Panthawiyo, anthu ankaviika ubweya wa nyama m’madzi kenako n’kuupaka ndi mafuta amasamba achilengedwe komanso madzi amchere. Njira yopangira iyi ndi yakale kwambiri ndipo singathe kupanga zida zapamwamba zachikopa. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yambiri ndi nthawi zimafunikira popanga. Komabe, chifukwa cha kulimba kwamphamvu ndi kulimba kwa zipangizo zachikopa, zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’madera akale kupanga zovala, nsapato, zikwama zam’manja ndi zinthu zina.
Ndi kusintha kwa nthawi, luso lopanga zikopa la anthu layambanso pang'onopang'ono. Cha m’ma 1500 BC, Agiriki akale anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wofufuta ubweya wa nyama kuti apange zinthu zachikopa zofewa komanso zolimba. Mfundo yaukadaulo wowotchera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowotchera kuti zilumikize kolajeni mu ubweya wa nyama, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yofewa, yosamva madzi, yosachita dzimbiri ndi zina. Njira yopangira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Middle East ndi Europe wakale ndipo idakhala njira yayikulu yopangira zikopa zakale.
Kupanga zikopa zenizeni
Chikopa chenicheni chimatanthauza zinthu zachikopa zachilengedwe zopangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya wa nyama. Ukadaulo wopangira zikopa zenizeni ndi zapamwamba komanso zovuta kuposa kupanga zikopa zoyambirira. Njira zazikulu zopangira zikopa zenizeni ndi monga: kuvula ubweya wa nyama, kuthirira, kutsuka, kupukuta, kuchapa ndi kukonza. Zina mwa izo, kupukuta ndi kudaya ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri popanga zikopa zenizeni.
Pofufuta, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizira zowotcha masamba, zowotcha za chrome ndi zida zowukira. Pakati pawo, zida zowotcha chrome zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha zabwino zake monga kuthamanga kwachangu, kukhazikika komanso zotsatira zabwino. Komabe, madzi otayira ndi zotsalira za zinyalala zomwe zimapangitsidwa pakuwotchedwa kwa chrome zidzaipitsa chilengedwe, motero ziyenera kusamaliridwa bwino.
Panthawi yopaka utoto, zikopa zenizeni zimatha kupakidwa utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana momwe zimafunikira kuti zitheke kukongoletsa ndi kuteteza. Musanadaye, chikopa chenichenicho chimayenera kupakidwa pamwamba kuti utotowo umalowa bwino ndi kukonza pamwamba pa chikopacho. Pakalipano, mitundu ndi mtundu wa utoto ukukulirakulira nthawi zonse, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana za anthu ndi zomwe amakonda pazinthu zachikopa.
Kupanga zikopa za PU ndi PVC
Ndi chitukuko chosalekeza chaukadaulo wamankhwala, anthu apeza pang'onopang'ono zida zatsopano zopangira zomwe zimatha kutengera mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe achikopa chenicheni, komanso kukhala ndi pulasitiki yabwino, kusalowa madzi komanso kukhazikika. Zida zopangira izi makamaka zimaphatikizapo zikopa za PU (polyurethane) ndi PVC (polyvinyl chloride) zikopa.
Chikopa cha PU ndi chikopa chofananira chopangidwa ndi zinthu za polyurethane, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofewa, kukana madzi, kukana kuvala komanso kukana misozi. Njira yake yopangira ndikuveka zinthu za polyurethane pa fiber kapena zinthu zopanda nsalu, ndikupanga zinthu zachikopa pambuyo popanga kalendala, kupaka utoto, utoto ndi njira zina. Poyerekeza ndi chikopa chenicheni, chikopa cha PU chimakhala ndi zabwino zake zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kukonza, ndipo zimatha kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe ake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zovala, nsapato, mipando ndi zinthu zina.
Chikopa cha PVC ndi mtundu wa chikopa chofananira chopangidwa ndi zinthu za polyvinyl chloride, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalowa madzi, osavala komanso osavuta kuyeretsa. Njira yake yopangira ndikuveka zinthu za polyvinyl chloride pamtunda, kenako ndikupanga zinthu zachikopa kudzera mu kalendala, kujambula, utoto ndi njira zina. Poyerekeza ndi chikopa cha PU, chikopa cha PVC chili ndi zabwino zake zotsika mtengo komanso zolimba zamphamvu, ndipo zimatha kutengera mitundu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mipando yamagalimoto, katundu, zikwama zam'manja ndi zinthu zina.
Ngakhale zikopa za PU ndi PVC zili ndi zabwino zambiri, zimakhalabe ndi zovuta zina. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga kwawo kudzatulutsa mpweya wambiri woipa ndi madzi oipa, zomwe zidzaipitsa chilengedwe. Kuwonjezera apo, moyo wawo siutali ngati wa chikopa chenicheni, ndipo n’zosavuta kuzimiririka ndi kukalamba. Chifukwa chake, anthu ayenera kusamala pakukonza ndi kukonza akamagwiritsa ntchito zikopa zopanga izi.
Kupanga zikopa za silikoni
Kuphatikiza pa zikopa zenizeni zachikhalidwe ndi zikopa zopangira, mtundu watsopano wa chikopa, chikopa cha silicone, chatuluka m'zaka zaposachedwa. Chikopa cha silicone ndi chikopa chochita kupanga chopangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri za silicone ndi zokutira zopangira ulusi, zomwe zimakhala ndi ubwino wopepuka, kukana kupindika, kukana kukalamba, kusalowa madzi, kuletsa kuipitsidwa komanso kosavuta kuyeretsa, komanso kumva bwino pakhungu komanso kumva bwino.
Chikopa cha silicone chimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri ndipo chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mkati mwagalimoto, zikwama zam'manja, ma foni am'manja ndi zinthu zina. Poyerekeza ndi PU ndi PVC chikopa, silikoni chikopa ali bwino hydrolysis kukana, UV kukana, mchere kutsitsi kukana ndi mkulu ndi otsika kutentha kukana, ndipo si kophweka ukalamba ndi kuzimiririka. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe mpweya woyipa ndi madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa panthawi yopanga chikopa cha silicone, komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe kumakhala kochepa.
Mapeto
Monga zinthu zakale komanso zamafashoni, zikopa zadutsa njira yayitali yachitukuko. Kuyambira pakukonza ubweya wa nyama mpaka chikopa chenicheni chamakono, PU, PVC chikopa ndi silikoni, mitundu ndi mtundu wa zikopa zakhala zikukonzedwa mosalekeza, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ntchito kukukulitsidwa mosalekeza. Kaya ndi chikopa chenicheni kapena chikopa chopangidwa, chimakhala ndi ubwino wake wapadera komanso zovuta zake, ndipo anthu ayenera kusankha malinga ndi zosowa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana akamagwiritsa ntchito.
Ngakhale teknoloji yamakono yopanga ndi zipangizo zamakina zasintha njira zambiri zopangira zikopa zachikopa, chikopa chenicheni chikadali chinthu chamtengo wapatali, ndipo mawonekedwe ake apadera ndi mawonekedwe ake amapanga chisankho choyamba cha mankhwala apamwamba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu azindikira pang'onopang'ono kufunika kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndipo anayamba kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zowononga zachilengedwe komanso zokhazikika m'malo mwa zikopa zachikhalidwe. Chikopa cha silicone ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano. Sikuti imakhala ndi ntchito zabwino zokha, komanso imakhala ndi kuipitsidwa kochepa kwa chilengedwe. Ikhoza kunenedwa kukhala chinthu chodalirika kwambiri.
Mwachidule, ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso chidwi cha anthu pachitetezo cha chilengedwe, zikopa, zinthu zakale komanso zamafashoni, zimasinthanso komanso zikukula. Kaya ndi chikopa chenicheni, PU, PVC chikopa, kapena silikoni chikopa, ndi crystallization anthu nzeru ndi khama. Ndikukhulupirira kuti m'tsogolomu, zipangizo zachikopa zidzapitirizabe kupanga zatsopano ndi kusintha, kubweretsa kukongola kwambiri ndi moyo waumunthu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-15-2024